Abortion Methods

More than 50 million unborn babies have been killed nationwide since abortion was legalized by the January 22, 1973, Roe v. Wade and Doe vs. Bolton U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Contrary to what many believe, today in this country an unborn child can be legally killed at any time throughout the entire nine months of pregnancy - simply because he or she may be unwanted, inconvenient, imperfect or even the "wrong" sex. An estimated 1.2 million babies are killed annually by abortion... one baby approximately every 24 seconds.

There are several methods of abortion:

FIRST TRIMESTER

Suction Aspiration
This method - also called "vacuum aspiration" or "vacuum curettage" - is used in about 85% of all abortions performed during the first trimester. A tube (often with a sharp cutting edge) is inserted through the cervix into the uterus and connected to a strong suction apparatus. The powerful vacuum dismembers the tiny baby and placenta, tearing them to pieces and sucking them into a collection bottle. Although the baby is extremely small, body parts are often easily identified, and the abortionist will typically do so to ensure all contents of the uterus have been removed. This method sometimes follows a D & C abortion. Infections, damage and pain in the cervix and uterus can result.

Dilation and Curettage (D & C)
These abortions are usually done before 12 weeks. The cervix is dilated to permit the insertion of a loop-shaped knife which is used to cut the baby into pieces and scrape him or her from the uterine wall. Body parts are pulled out piece by piece through the cervix. The scraping of the uterus typically involves more bleeding than from a suction abortion and increases the risk of uterine perforation and infection.
RU 486

This abortion regimen actually involves the use of two synthetic hormones: the French-developed "abortion pill" called mifepristone and a labor-inducing drug, or prostaglandin, usually the generically named misoprostol. Used between the fifth and ninth weeks of pregnancy, this procedure requires at least two visits to the clinic or hospital. This method is used in approximately 15% of first trimester abortions in Michigan, and its use continues to grow.

On the first visit women are given a physical exam to rule out contraindications - smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, anemia, allergies, epilepsy, asthma or age restrictions (under 18 or over 35) - which could make the drugs deadly. The RU 486 (mifepristone) is taken to inhibit the production of progesterone, the hormone which prepares the nutrient-rich lining of the uterus. As a result the tiny developing baby literally starves to death as the womb's lining sloughs off.

At the second visit women are given misoprostol to induce contractions and cause the dead baby to be expelled from the uterus. While most women abort during the waiting period at the clinic, many abort later - up to five days later - at home, work, etc.

A third office visit includes an exam to determine whether the abortion is complete or a surgical abortion will be necessary to complete the procedure. RU 486 can cause severe disabilities in babies who survive the abortion, can harm subsequent offspring, and can injure and even kill women. Since the FDA approved RU 486 in September 2000, the FDA has received reports of 8 deaths from serious infection following use of RU 486.1

Methotrexate and misoprostol
Researchers have discovered that the prescription drug methotrexate (often prescribed to combat cancer), when used with misoprostol, can induce abortion during the first trimester. Both drugs act on a woman's reproductive system: methotrexate kills the rapidly growing cells of the trophoblast, the tissue which develops into the placenta, and misoprostol causes uterine contractions to expel the baby. This regimen also involves multiple clinic or hospital visits. After receiving an injection of methotrexate the woman returns 3 to 7 days later to receive the misoprostol vaginally. She returns home, where cramping and bleeding begin. The baby is usually aborted within 24 hours.

It is worth noting that methotrexate is a highly toxic drug with side effects and complications such as nausea, pain, diarrhea, bone marrow depression, anemia, liver damage and lung disease occurring even at low doses. Manufacturer warnings claim that deaths have been reported with the use of methotrexate, and even some doctors who support abortion are reluctant to prescribe it because of its high toxicity and unpredictable side effects. Long-term effects of the two drugs are unknown.

As with the RU 486 regimen, women using this form of chemical abortion must participate more directly in ending the life of their unborn children, having to verify - often by themselves - that the "uterine contents" have been passed and the procedure is complete. Unfortunately, but not surprisingly, many RU 486 advocates fail to see the negative psychological consequences of such an experience.

SECOND AND THIRD TRIMESTER

Dilation and Evacuation (D & E)
Similar to a D & C abortion, this method also necessitates the forced dilation of the cervix. Metal forceps with a sharp cutting edge are used to grasp and pull the baby from the womb. The entire body is removed piece by piece. Because the baby's skull has typically hardened to bone by this time it must sometimes be compressed or crushed in order to be removed from the uterus. As a result, women undergoing this procedure have a higher risk of cervical laceration. Ironically, even some abortionists find this procedure distasteful, as the process of using forceps to twist and tear the baby's body from the womb is undeniably traumatic.

Prostaglandin
This drug causes a woman to go into labor at any stage of pregnancy. It is generally used in middle to late pregnancy to induce abortion. The potent, hormone-like drug is injected into the amniotic sac to produce labor and premature birth. In the early 2000’s, medical practitioners brought to light the shocking reality that some of these babies were alive when delivered and placed aside to die of neglect. Their testimony led to the passage of the federal Born-Alive Infants Protection Act in 2002, criminalizing the practice of leaving a child to die of neglect after a failed abortion attempt. In order to avoid what some abortionists call "the dreaded complication" of a live birth, it is now customary to kill the child first before "evacuating" him or her from the womb. Using ultrasound, the abortionist directs a needle containing an injection of lethal potassium chloride into the unborn baby's heart. Other abortionists use an injection of digoxin to cause fetal cardiac arrest. Prostaglandins are accompanied by serious problems of their own, including potentially lethal side effects.

Saline Injection
A saline - or salt poisoning - abortion procedure may be used after sixteen weeks when enough fluid has accumulated in the amniotic sac surrounding the baby. A long needle is inserted through the mother's abdomen to remove and then replace some of the amniotic fluid with a solution of concentrated salt. The baby breathes in and swallows the solution and usually dies in one to two hours - though sometimes death takes many hours - from salt poisoning, dehydration, convulsions, hemorrhages of the brain and failure of other organs. The baby is literally burned inside and out by the strong salt solution. The baby's thrashing, caused by the trauma of the saline, can be physically painful to his mother and is often psychologically devastating to her. The mother goes into labor and a dead baby is usually delivered within 24 to 48 hours.
This was the most commonly used procedure for second-trimester abortions for several decades, but is rarely used today because of complications including salt poisoning of the mother and “massive hemorrhage” necessitating transfusions.2 It has been replaced by the use of digoxin or potassium chloride injection to kill the baby in utero as discussed above. 3

Dilation and Extraction (D & X or Partial-birth)
Publicly unveiled in 1992, this method was used to kill over 5,000 babies annually from 20 weeks through full term until the 2007 Supreme Court decision Gonzalez v. Carhart upheld a federal ban on the procedure. Partial birth abortion kills a baby who in many cases could survive outside the womb, and poses considerable health risks for the mother. Because the baby is considerably larger and more well developed at this time, the opening of the woman's cervix must be greatly enlarged in order to perform this abortion. The entire process requires three days. On the first and second visits the woman receives laminaria, cylindrically shaped or tapered devices which are inserted into the cervix and gradually increase in diameter as they absorb water. When the cervix has been sufficiently dilated the abortion is performed. The abortionist ruptures the amniotic sac and drains the fluid. Using ultrasound, the abortionist ascertains the baby's position within the uterus. Forceps are used to turn the baby so that he or she is oriented feet first (breech position) and face down. The abortionist then grasps one of the baby's legs and pulls the entire body, with the exception of the head, outside of the uterus. Because the head is usually too large to deliver, the abortionist uses a sharp pair of surgical scissors to stab the base of the living baby's skull, spreading the scissors to enlarge the hole. The scissors are removed and a suction tube is inserted into the skull opening to "evacuate" the brain. This kills the baby and collapses the head, allowing the abortionist to fully deliver the child.
The federal partial birth abortion ban and subsequent Gonzalez decision make it illegal to deliver partially a live baby with the intent to kill the baby. Some abortionists comply with the law while continuing to perform essentially the same procedure by ensuring that the baby dies in utero prior to delivery. In one such method, the abortion practitioner simply clamps the umbilical cord for several minutes to starve the child of oxygen immediately before delivery.4 More commonly, the abortion practitioner injects digoxin or potassium chloride into the baby one or two days before delivering the child. Again, the baby is delivered feet-first up to the head, the skull is punctured and collapsed, and the baby is then delivered the rest of the way.

It is worth noting that most babies at this stage of development weigh at least a pound, measure approximately 8 inches in length and are fully formed.

Hysterotomy
A hysterotomy is a Caesarean section abortion in which the abortion practitioner cuts through the uterine wall to kill and remove the baby in the second or third trimester. This procedure has fallen out of favor among abortion practitioners. It is now typically used only when the cervix is blocked or there is some other cervical or uterine anomaly.5

Bibliography
Alcorn, Randy, ProLife Answers to ProChoice Arguments, Multnomah Press, Portland OR, 1994.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, MMWR, 05/95, p. 29, Table 3.
Guttmacher, Alan, Family Planning Perspectives, May/June 1994, Vol. 26, p. 101.
National Right to Life Committee, Choose Life, "Pro-Life Leaders Protest New Abortion Drug Duo," September-October, 1995. Seachrist, Lisa.
The Supreme Court, Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, (1973).
Willke, J.C., M.D. and Mrs., Abortion Questions and Answers, Hayes Publishing Co., Cincinnati, OH, 1990.

Endnotes

1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “Mifeprex Questions and Answers,” Updated 02/24/2010, available at http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm111328.htm

2. Hammond, Cassing, “Recent Advances in Second-Trimester Abortion: An Evidence-Based Review,” General Gynecology, April 2009, p. 350.

3. Hammond, Cassing, “Recent Advances in Second-Trimester Abortion: An Evidence-Based Review,” General Gynecology, April 2009, p. 352.

4. Prager, Sarah Ward and Deborah Jean Oyer, Second Trimester Surgical Abortion, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2009, Vol. 52, No. 2, p. 183.

5. Prager, Sarah Ward and Deborah Jean Oyer, Second Trimester Surgical Abortion, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2009, Vol. 52, No. 2, p. 184.